SPN and viral infectious disease: Resistance to bacterial superinfection has been shown to require the rapid induction of innate Th17-linked inflammation, which is normally restricted by Th1 imprints in the lungs during viral infection.17,40–42 As Th17 inflammatory signatures are blunted in IAV-infected TKO vs DKO mice, we hypothesized that TKO mice would be highly susceptible to Spn superinfection.