Additionally, results were replicated using a non-overlapping population from the deCODE study to derive the IL-6R IV and this confirmed a similar magnitude and direction of association with risk of empyema (OR 0.26 95% CI 0.13–0.51) and pneumonia (OR 1.19 95% CI 1.00–1.42) (Supplementary Table S12). This evidence concerns the gene IL6R and pneumonia.