ATM and neoplasm: Although we did not directly investigate the effects of GNAI1 and GNAI2 overexpression on DNA repair pathways, existing sliterature suggest that GNAI1 may modulate DNA damage response signaling, such as the ATM/CHK2 pathway [64], and it is plausible that restoring GNAI1/2 expression in COAD cells may impair DNA repair efficiency, contributing to genomic instability in tumor cells.