ADEs are typically enriched with pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL5, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which promote cancer cell proliferation and migration by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathways.14,15 By contrast, ADSC-derived exosomes more frequently exert tumor-suppressive functions. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.