Intratumoural gram-negative bacteria, which are characterized by enrichment of Escherichia-Shigella and unclassified_f_Enterobacteriaceae, increased the level of intratumoural LPS, which promoted the progression of NSCLC via the TLR4-mTOR-NF-κB-IL-6 axis in vitro and in vivo. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.