Immune monitoring showed generation of mature DC<sub>leu</sub>, activation of leukaemia-directed effector and memory cells (including IFN-γ-producing and degranulating T and NK cells), downregulation of immune checkpoint (PD-1/CTLA-4) expressing T cells and blasts, and a reduction in regulatory B- and T cells. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is leukemia.