TNF and Alzheimer disease: Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis showed that treatment with PPR@siBACE1 led to a remarkable reduction of mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, in the brains of AD mice compared to PP@siBACE1, free siBACE1, and PBS treatment (Fig. 7f, i, j).