TNF and shigellosis: Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis further showed that DSS upregulated pathways linked to infection (Salmonella infection, shigellosis) and inflammation (TNF signaling, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), while DSS + N5 downregulated these pathways and inhibited oxidative phosphorylation, Notch signaling, and apoptosis (Fig. 6H).