Two landmark studies have since expanded the African driver-gene repertoire: Pitt et al.15 identified four novel significantly mutated genes—PLK2, B2M, KDM6A and GPS2—with PLK2 and KDM6A alterations particularly enriched in HER2+ tumours, and Ansari-Pour et al.13 uncovered five additional candidates—ADAM19, LAMB3, BYSL, F5 and TDRD15—with BYSL, F5 and TDRD15 displaying tumour-suppressor–like mutational patterns. Here, TDRD15 is linked to neoplasm.