TNF and immune system disorder: Moreover, emerging research indicates that BD is closely linked to brain and peripheral inflammation and immune dysfunction, characterized by heightened concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) among individuals with BD (34).These inflammatory markers not only contribute to the pathogenesis of BD, but are also associated with the development of MAFLD.