DPP4 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: Although multiple large-scale clinical studies have demonstrated statistical non-inferiority but not superiority for the DPP-4 inhibitors in the primary MACE endpoint (222, 223), recent studies have found that DPP-4 inhibitors showed benefits on various cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, CAD, and CAVD (224).