SPP1 and cancer: SPP1, located at position 4q13, with seven exons and six introns, is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family, activating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in cancer development through extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and soft tissue production (Trojanek, 2012; Kurnia et al., 2022).