TNF and neoplasm: Our research presents three key findings: (i) TLR2 expression increases significantly with tumor grade, with HGGs showing greater levels than LGGs; (ii) epileptic tissues exhibit TLR2/4 overexpression compared to LGGs; and (iii) NF-κB and TNF-α expression does not align with that of the TLRs in tumor tissues, suggesting pathway-specific activation patterns.