VEGFA and myocardial infarction: For instance, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) secreted by MSCs stimulate endothelial cell proliferation and blood vessel formation, a process critical for revascularization ischemic tissues in conditions such as myocardial infarction (MI) and diabetic ulcers (Patel et al., 2023; Patel et al., 2021; Potapova et al., 2007).