IL10 and colitis: Similarly, preclinical studies on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) highlight the ability of MSCs to modulate immune responses (Saadh et al., 2024); MSC treatment reduces colitis severity by inducing macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory state through the secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10) (Hosseini-Asl et al., 2020; Shi et al., 2019).