DUSP4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Future work should validate key findings (e.g., molecular clusters, PTPRT mutation) in disease-specific BM cohorts (e.g., NSCLC-BM only), integrate multi-omics approaches (WGS, epigenomics) to capture non-coding drivers, and functionally elucidate the mechanisms linking biomarkers like DUSP4 loss to enhanced immunogenicity.