In this regard, the authors suggest that high levels of EVs PD-L1 at baseline may indicate T cell dysfunction, and that the increase in EVs PD-L1 levels after immunotherapy may be associated with T cell reactivation and an enhanced anti-tumor immune response, which is more evident in responders compared to non-responders whose T cells cannot be restored by immunotherapy. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.