The TB-treatment (adults receiving treatment for TB disease who have completed the intensive phase of treatment) and TB-treated (adults with a history of successfully treated pulmonary TB disease) groups had higher levels of polyfunctional M72-specific CD4+ T cells expressing CD40L+ TNF-α+ IFN-γ+, CD40L+ IL-2+ TNF-α+ IFN-γ+, or CD40L+ IFN-γ+ profiles than the TB-naïve (adults who have never had TB) group (28). Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.