For example, a study developed a 17-gene qPCR assay predictive of disease prognosis,25 while another study identified FEZ1 as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker using feature selection with random forest and LASSO models.26 Beyond transcriptomics, supervised ML using whole-exome sequencing (WES) data has shown potential in distinguishing CD from UC, using immune-related variant panels.27 Multi-omics approaches are also gaining attraction, with studies integrating genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics to improve IBD classification. This evidence concerns the gene FEZ1 and irritable bowel syndrome.