IL6 and Sepsis: While few studies have specifically examined β-blockers’ impact on postoperative sepsis risk, existing evidence indicates that early β-blocker use might exert anti-inflammatory effects by reducing circulating inflammatory proteins and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 (El-Menyar et al., 2024; Ogawa et al., 2013; Sezai et al., 2012).