Numerous studies have shown that TAMs can compromise the effectiveness of EGFR-targeted treatments through various mechanisms, such as the secretion of exosomes and chemokine CCL15, modulation of cellular signaling pathways in cancer cells, and promotion of EGFR degradation through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Chen et al., 2023; Xiao et al., 2020; Yuan et al., 2022; Yin et al., 2019). Here, CCL15 is linked to cancer.