CDKN1A and cancer: In vitro studies on four cancer cell lines (HCT-116 (human colorectal carcinoma cells), A-431 (human skin epidermoid carcinoma cells), CCD-33Co (normal human colon fibroblasts), and MDA-MB-231 (human mammary gland adenocarcinoma cells)) showed that caproic acid in goat milk led to a decrease in the viability of cancer cells compared to the control group, including through increased regulation of genes (P21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1)) involved in apoptosis [117].