TGFB1 and neoplasm: In contrast, alternatively activated immunosuppressive (M2-like) macrophages contribute to tumor progression by secreting cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β, which facilitate angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and T-cell modulation, thereby supporting immune evasion, tumor growth, and metastasis [12].