ESR1 and carpal tunnel syndrome: Yamanaka et al. [52] evaluated ERα, ERβ, collagen type I A1 (Col1A1), collagen type III A1 (Col3A1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in subsynovial connective tissue fibroblasts collected from postmenopausal women with idiopathic CTS.