Experimental models using human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mice have shown that administration of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) induces key features of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC), including endothelial dysfunction, increased transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2/9), and reduced disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 13 (ADAMTS13) [49]. Here, LCN2 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.