TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Indeed, as previously mentioned, the pathophysiology of ARDS is closely linked to the release of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-18, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and IFN-γ [160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167].