VWF and acute lung injury: In the study of Calfee and co-workers (2014) analyzing data from the ARMA trial (Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) [65], one-third of patients experience the hyperinflammatory subphenotype, with the primary inflammatory biomarkers identified including soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1), IL-6 and -8, von Willebrand factor (vWF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1).