In ALS, mutations in genes like TARDBP, FUS, and C9orf72 cause mislocalization of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), formation of toxic RNA aggregates, and impaired nucleocytoplasmic transport, ultimately contributing to protein aggregation, stress granule formation, and axonal degeneration [4,12,13]. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.