Studies in ALS, SBMA, MSP, and HSP (SPG11, SPG7) reveal constitutive activation or mislocalization of kinases such as p38 MAPK, JNK, and GSK3β, which results in pathological phosphorylation of tau, TDP-43, and neurofilaments, impairing intracellular trafficking and stimulating neurotoxicity [90]. This evidence concerns the gene AR and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.