Cytokine analysis by ELISA demonstrated that 015s significantly reduced levels of active TGF-β1 in both serum and tumour tissue compared to PBS, αPD-1, and the αPD-1 + TGF-βRII combination (p  <  0.01–0.001) to a degree comparable to the parental TGF-βRII trap (Figure 4A). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.