Even the hyperproliferation of prostate epithelial cells, in situ, driven by loss of the tumour suppressor, PTen, is sufficient for the activation and accumulation of HIF-1α at the very early prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) stage, with inflammatory and HIF-1α-driven miRNA expression [106,107]. Here, PTEN is linked to prostate intraepithelial neoplasia.