TNF and schizophrenia: Regarding the potential mechanisms implicated in the association between BoDV and schizophrenia, mechanistic studies have demonstrated that BoDV-1-infected astrocytes activate microglia, resulting in enhanced levels of inflammatory mediators including MHC I/II, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1, which are also implicated as potential biomarkers in schizophrenia pathogenesis [390].