CXCR4 and neoplasm: In vivo studies using an anti-IL-19 monoclonal antibody in a mouse model of SCC have demonstrated suppression of tumor growth and downregulation of IL-19, TGF-β, metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and Cyclin B1 expression, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting IL-19 in esophageal cancer [38].