In ALS, sEVs secreted by motor neurons have been found to carry pathogenic species such as mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), which elicit neurotoxic responses in astrocytes and microglia, fostering a feed-forward loop of neuroinflammation, thereby amplifying neuroinflammation through a self-reinforcing cycle [23]. Here, SOD1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.