HK2 and Parkinson disease: It has been shown that the upregulation of HK2 and LDHA, as well as elevated levels of lactate, promote apoptosis in PD, while the inhibition of HK2 expression attenuates the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons through decreased lactate production and the downregulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase/Protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK/Akt/mTOR) pathway in PD [106].