PPARGC1A and neurodegenerative disease: In neurodegenerative diseases, lactate acts as a “double-edged sword”, both physiologically supporting axonal regeneration and pathologically inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via Forkhead box O1/Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (FOXO1/PGC-1α) [17].