TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: In SLE, current smoking exacerbates disease risk and morbidity by inducing DNA adducts, oxidative DNA damage, upregulation of BAFF/BLyS/TNFα/IL-6, activation of IFN-I, increased anti-dsDNA autoantibody production, and NETosis, wherein neutrophils release NETs to trap and neutralize pathogens [1,250,251].