The group of women with PCOS exhibited significantly higher concentrations of fasting glucose, fasting insulin, GIP, GLP-1, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), total testosterone (tTest), free testosterone (fTest), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), as well as higher Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and free androgen index (FAI) values, and an elevated LH/FSH ratio compared to women without PCOS. Here, GIP is linked to Insulin resistance.