TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: In mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis, glycosides of SR were converted into aglycones, regulating the expression levels of endogenous metabolites such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, and inhibited the AGE-RAGE, PI3K-Akt, TNF, MAPK, and Toll-like signaling pathways to synergistically exert anti-inflammatory effects.