A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Lu et al. indicated that high levels of exogenous AGEs (dietary intake of AGEs mostly via processing food at high temperatures and low moisture, including grilling, roasting, and frying) is linked to increased fasting plasma glucose, insulin levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), all of which are key indicators of prediabetes and increased risk for type 2 diabetes [43]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.