TNF and neoplasm: Importantly, N1 TANs enhance CD8+ T cell recruitment and activation through the secretion of chemokines such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), C-X-C motif chemokine ligands 9 and 10 (CXCL9, CXCL10) [35], as well as proinflammatory cytokines including IL-12, TNF-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), thereby promoting anti-tumor immunity (Figure 1) [23,34].