The genes for cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-12), immunomodulatory factors (anti-PD1), anti-angiogenic factors, TME inhibitors/degraders, and cytotoxic proteins can now be incorporated into OVs, allowing them to induce potent antitumor immune responses in addition to their traditional role of direct tumor cell lysis [198]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.