Figure 11 summarizes our findings. All tested BC cell lines, with the exception of MB468 and MB175, showed a significant increase in BiP expression in response to IBCar treatment. Disruption of protein folding leads to increased synthesis of BiP to prevent protein aggregation and facilitate protein folding [71,72,73,74]. Previous studies have shown that BiP expression is upregulated by vinblastine, a compound that, like IBCar, disrupts microtubule integrity [74]. The gene discussed is HSPA5; the disease is breast cancer.