VCAM1 and neoplasm: CAFs promote angiogenesis in the TME by releasing many angiogenic factors, including VEGF, in response to hypoxia, which reduces expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and -2 (ICAM-1/2) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), seriously hampering the progression of cytotoxic T cells from peripheral blood into the tumor sites [130].