The antioxidant defense system can be modulated by enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants like glutathione, vitamin E, and vitamin C. A recent study by Gao et al. [73] utilized metabolomics and transcriptomics to demonstrate that IUGR exhibited various metabolic abnormalities such as mitochondrial dysfunction, imbalanced fatty acid composition, disrupted sources of one-carbon unit supply, and impaired galactose conversion, which may contribute to hepatic oxidative stress. Here, CAT is linked to fetal growth restriction.