ALK and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In parallel, molecular diagnostics have transformed the clinical landscape of NSCLC, enabling the identification of actionable genetic alterations (e.g., Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK), c-ros Oncogene 1 (ROS1), v-Raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B1 (BRAF), Mesenchymal–Epithelial Transition Factor (MET), Rearranged during Transfection (RET), and predictive biomarkers such as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB) [11,12,13].