The following covariates were included in the model for estimating the propensity scores: age (mean ± standard deviation, median), PSA level (mean ± SD, median), digital rectal examination (yes/no), prostate volume (mean ± SD, median), number of biopsy cores (mean ± SD, median), obesity (yes/no), anticoagulant use (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), MRI (yes/no), ultrasound with elastography (yes/no), and prior prostate biopsies (yes/no). The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is Obesity.