To begin with, a large UK Biobank study on over 410,000 middle-aged adults without baseline arrhythmias, reported, by using whole-exome sequencing and identifying CHIP with VAF ≥ 2% (any CHIP) and ≥10% (large CHIP), that CHIP was an independent risk factor for the development of cardiac arrhythmias, especially the large clones [101]. Here, STUB1 is linked to cardiac arrhythmia.