A cytokine profiling study assessing multiple immune mediators—such as IL-33, IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-9—in T1D patients with and without microvascular complications (MVCs) found that while cytokine levels were elevated in all diabetic patients compared to controls, there were no significant differences between those with and without MVCs. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.