TNF and Stroke: Immediately after the stroke, there is a rapid activation of the peripheral immune system characterized by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and IFN‐c, as well as chemokines, C‐C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)‐1 and CXCL‐2 (Simats and Liesz 2022).