IL4 and infantile spasms: Among patients with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS), a form of drug-resistant epilepsy syndrome, the serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17a are elevated, along with CRH and the abundance of Sutterellaceae and Sutterella in the gut, indicating immunological, neuroendocrine, and gut microbiota disturbances in this neurological disorder [283].