ALB and diabetes mellitus: Among the covariates, except for calcium (p = 0.272), creatinine (p = 0.056), and UA (p = 0.475), the remaining clinical characteristics, alcohol consumption (p < 0.001), albumin (p < 0.001), BUN (p < 0.001), phosphorus (p = 0.007), TG (p = 0.04), BMI (p < 0.001), hypertension (p < 0.001), gender(p < 0.001), age (p < 0.001), race (p < 0.001), education (p = 0.007), diabetes (p < 0.001), glycohemoglobin (p < 0.001), cancer (p < 0.001), vigorous work activity (p < 0.001), and smoking (p < 0.001), all showed significant intergroup differences between the OA and control groups.