Phenolic compounds can positively contribute to increasing plasma antioxidant capacity via GSH concentrations and stimulating the activity of glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.41 A reduction in GSH reflects alcohol-related depletion, increased oxidative stress, and impaired immune response.32,42 The increased lymphocytes and decreased neutrophils in the AL group support oxidative imbalance in immune dysregulation. Here, GSR is linked to axial length measurement.