TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: Both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that Astragalus polysaccharide treatment effectively reversed these pathological alterations, ameliorated renal impairment, and concurrently reduced p-mTOR, p62, TGF-β, Col-IV, and FN, the intervention notably enhanced the LC3-II/I ratio, indicating that Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) alleviated HG-induced autophagy inhibition and renal fibrosis (30).